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The principles of IP addressing and fundamentals of Ethernet concepts, media, and operations are introduced to provide a foundation for the curriculum. By the end of the course, you will be able to build simple LANs, perform basic configurations for routers and switches, and implement IP addressing schemes. The Companion Guide is designed as a portable desk reference to use anytime, anywhere to reinforce the material from the course and organize your time.

The book's features help you focus on important concepts to succeed in this course: Chapter Objectives-Review core concepts by answering the focus questions listed at the beginning of each chapter Key Terms-Refer to the lists of networking vocabulary introduced and highlighted in context in each chapter. Glossary-Consult the comprehensive Glossary with more than terms.

Summary of Activities and Labs-Maximize your study time with this complete list of all associated practice exercises at the end of each chapter. Check Your Understanding-Evaluate your readiness with the end-ofchapter questions that match the style of questions you see in the online course quizzes. The answer key explains each answer. How To-Look for this icon to study the steps you need to learn to perform certain tasks.

Interactive Activities-Reinforce your understanding of topics with dozens of exercises from the online course identified throughout the book with this icon.

Videos-Watch the videos embedded within the online course. Each chapter of this book is divided into a Study Guide section followed by a Lab section. The Study Guide sections offer exercises that help you learn the concepts, configurations, and troubleshooting skills crucial to your success as a CCNA exam candidate. If applicable, this section begins with a Command Reference, an exercise where the reader matches commands.

Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and influences readers to help them master the modern world. This Framework Edition Teacher Support Pack offers comprehensive support and guidance, providing the best possible learning experience for your students and saving time for everyone in the department.

Copyright Office Catalog of Copyright Entries. Click one of the results to read the topic. To browse Help browse topics by subject : 1. Click the Browse Help button. Click an item heading in the list of topics. Click a Help topic link to open it. This shows basic hardware information, such as your computer's name. Right-click Computer. Click Properties.

Your computer's processor type, speed, and quantity are listed. Also displayed is how much random access memory RAM is installed and, in some cases, how much of the memory is usable by Windows.

You can change this information and add user accounts by clicking Change settings. To set the date and time: 1. Click Control Panel. Click Clock, Language, and Region. Click Date and Time. Click the Date and Time tab, and then click Change date and time. If you are prompted for an administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation. You can also control the overall sound level of your computer using Windows.

Click the Speakers button in the notification area of the taskbar. Click and drag the slider up or down to adjust the speaker volume. Click Personalization. Click Desktop Background. Click the picture or colour that you want to use for your desktop background. Click the Save changes button. Resolution is defined as width x height in pixels, such as x At higher resolutions, images and text appear sharper and smaller, and more items fit on the screen.

At lower resolutions, items appear larger; however, fewer fit on the screen. Click Adjust screen resolution. Click the Resolution drop-down list, move the slider to the resolution you want, and click Apply. Setting Keyboard Language If you need to enter or edit documents in multiple languages, you can change the input language to make the process easier.

Input languages are included with Windows. You will need to add them to the list of available languages first. To add or remove a keyboard language: 1. Click Change keyboards or other input methods. Click the Keyboards and Languages tab. Click the Change keyboards… button. To add keyboard language: a. Under Installed services, click Add.

Double-click the language you want to add, double-click Keyboard, select the text services options you want to add, and then click OK. To remove keyboard language: a. Under Installed services, click Remove. You can also set the keyboard language that is used by default. To change the default language: 1. Click on the arrow to change the default language. Select the required language. Click OK to close the Region and Language dialog box.

Usually, non-responsive applications cannot be closed in the normal way. When this happens, you need to follow these steps in order to shut down close the program: 1. Press Ctrl, Alt and Delete at the same time on your keyboard.

A window appears, and you will see a list of options you can choose from. Click on Start Task Manager. You will see a list of programs in the Windows Task Manager dialog box. Click on the program that is not responding, and click on End Task.

The End Program dialog box will be displayed. Click the End Now button. The installation method varies slightly depending on where the application is installed from. Insert the disc into your computer. Follow the steps displayed on the screen. Type the administrator password or provide confirmation if prompted. In these cases, the AutoPlay dialog box appears and you can choose to run the wizard.

Click the provided link on the web page to install or download the application. Click Open or Run. Click Save. Download the installation file to the computer. Double-click the installation file to install. This option is safer because you can scan the installation file for viruses before installing. It is important that you trust the application publisher and the website when downloading and installing programs from the Internet.

To uninstall an application: 1. Click Uninstall a Program underneath Programs. Select the application that you want to uninstall. Click Uninstall and then click Yes. Connecting and Disconnecting a Device When you connect a device, such as a digital camera, to your computer, a driver — a small programme — may be needed to allow the device to interact with the computer.

Windows usually does this automatically when you connect a new device, but some devices require that you install the drivers manually. In such cases, the device manufacturer usually includes a software disc and instructions on installing the driver before plugging in the device.

If Windows can find and install the device driver automatically, you will be notified that the device is ready to use. Most cameras, once plugged in, will automatically be recognised by your computer.

If this does not occur, you will need to install the software included with the camera. If the USB device is not recognised by Windows and you do not have the driver disc, you may be able to find the device driver online. The best place to look is the website of the manufacturer of the device. Click the Safely Remove Hardware and Eject Media icon in the notification area on the right side of the taskbar.

A list of devices will appear. Click the device that you want to remove. Only remove the device if a notification appears, telling you that it is safe to do so.

Screen Capture If you need to take a picture of what is shown on your computer, you can use the print screen key often designated PrtScn or PrtScr. Pressing the key will copy an image of your screen to the Clipboard.

This is called a screen capture, or screen shot. First, however, you have to paste it into an application such as Microsoft Word or Paint to save it. Identify the following icons: 2. Label the missing parts of the window below. Use the help function to view information on installing a printer. RAM b. Computer name 5. Change the desktop background colour to a shade of your choice. Launch the Task Manager to view applications that are currently running.

Microsoft Word is a sophisticated application that allows you to create and edit documents with rich formatting and graphics, as well as standard text input. You can also link or embed pictures and other documents into a document. Open Microsoft Word by clicking the Start button. Click All Programs and select Microsoft Office Click Word Click the FILE tab.

Click Close. To open an existing file: 1. Click Open. Browse to the location of the file. Select the file. Click the Open button. To close a file: 1. You might get a prompt to save file. Entering Text into a Document A flashing insertion point shows where the next character you type will appear. Simply start typing to enter text. If you make any mistakes, use the Backspace key to delete unwanted characters.

Hold down the Shift key when pressing a letter key to make capital letters. Press the Space bar to insert spaces between words. Copying and Moving Text To copy text: 1.

Select the text. Place the insertion point at the desired location. Pasting Screen Capture 1. Click in the required location in the document. Saving and Naming Document It is very important to save your document so that you do not lose the text you have entered.

When saving a file, you can choose to send it to a particular location such as My Documents or Desktop, but there is a default location for files to be saved to that can be changed.

To save a document: 1. This will open the Save As dialog box if the document has not been saved yet. Select the location to save. Enter a file name. Click the Save button. If you are working on a document that already has a save location, you will not need to select a location or name the file every time you save it. To save a document with a new name or format: 1. Click Save As. The Save As dialog box will appear. Click on the required format. Documents in other formats will open as plain text documents and might not display as expected.

It all depends on the printer and your location; for example, whether you are at home connecting a printer directly to your computer, or whether you are at work connecting to a printer on a network. It is important to check the information that comes with the printer for any specific instructions. Connecting the printer directly to the computer is the most common way to install a printer.

This is known as connecting a local printer. Installation should begin automatically when you plug in a printer using a USB connection. If the printer does not install automatically, you will need to install it yourself. To install a printer: 1. Click the Start button, and click Devices and Printers. Click Add a printer. In the Add Printer wizard, click Add a local printer.

On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port button and the recommended printer port are selected, and then click Next. On the Install the printer driver page, select the printer manufacturer and model, and then click Next. For additional help, consult the printer manual. Complete the additional steps in the wizard, and then click Finish. After installing a printer, check if the printer is working by printing a test page. The test page is a print-out that confirms the printer is functioning.

If you cannot print the test page, you should consult the printer manufacturer's instruction booklet or official website for detailed troubleshooting steps. The solution will vary based on the manufacturer and printer model.

To print a test page: 1. Click the Start button and click Devices and Printers. Right-click a printer, and then click Printer properties. On the General tab, click Print Test Page. To uninstall a printer: 1. Right-click the printer that you want to remove, click Remove device, and then click Yes. If you cannot delete the printer, right-click it again, click Run as administrator, click Remove device, and then click Yes.

Setting Default Printer If you often use multiple printers, you can choose one as your default printer. Windows and other programs then automatically use that device when you print. To set a printer as default printer: 1. Click Devices and Printers. Right-click the printer that you want to set as your default, and click Set as default printer.

A check mark appears on the printer's icon showing that it is now your default printer. Printing a Document from a Word Processing Application 1. Open the file to print in Microsoft Word. This will also give you a preview of the document on the right hand side of the window. Select the options you want and click the Print button. You can do this using the print queue. The print queue shows what is printing or jobs waiting to print.

It also displays other details such as number of pages that are left to be printed. To view current print jobs: 1. Click your printer's icon, and then click See what's printing on the command bar.

Alternatively, to quickly see the print queue, double-click the printer icon in the notification area of the taskbar in the bottom right-hand corner of your screen. From this dialog box, you can pause and resume printing a single document, or multiple documents in the queue. You can also restart a print job from the beginning, or cancel a print job. To pause or resume printing: 1. Right-click the document waiting to be printed. Click Pause or Resume.

To restart printing a document: 1. Right-click the document waiting to reprint. If you have printed something by mistake, you can cancel it, even if printing has already started. Click Cancel, and then click Yes to confirm. In order to cancel all printing, click the Printer menu, click Cancel All Documents, and then click Yes to confirm.

The item currently printing might finish, but the remaining items will be cancelled. Open Microsoft Word. Type a list of activities you would like to do this weekend. You might include movies you would watch or places to visit. Save the document as Weekend Plans on the computer desktop. Capture a screen shot of the desktop.

Paste the screen shot in the document. Save the document as Weekend Plans 2 on the computer desktop. To view drives, folders, and files: 1. Click Computer. Windows identifies the different drives on your computer with a series of letters. Some computers may have two hard disks, one of which will be the C drive and the other may be the D drive. USB drives are called Removable Disks and may be assigned different letters, depending on the number of disks installed on your computer.

A file is an item that is used to store information, such as text or images. On your computer, files are displayed as icons; this makes it easy to recognise the file type by looking at its icon. Folders are used to organise your files just like a filing cabinet. Grouping files into folders will help you manage your files in a logical, structured way on the computer. Folders may contain other folders.

These are known as subfolders. When you double click on a folder, its contents are displayed. The address bar at the top of the folder window displays your current location as a series of links separated by arrows. You can click the Back button and the Forward button to navigate through locations you have already visited. Displaying File or Folder Properties You can learn more about a file or folder by viewing its properties. Properties are not part of the actual file content, but are pieces of information about the file.

Properties of a file or folder may include name, size, date modified, and location. To display file or folder properties: 1. Right-click the file or folder. Common properties such as name, size and location display. For example, you might prefer to view the files as larger or smaller icons, or you may want to see different kinds of information about each file.

To make these kinds of changes, use the Views button in the toolbar. Click the arrow on the right side of the Views button. Select the appropriate view. Windows file names have two parts: the name and the extension suffix , separated by a period. The extension is a three- or four-letter abbreviation that comes after the period. Opening a File, Folder or Drive To open a file, folder or drive, double click on it.

A file typically opens in the program that was used to create or edit it. For example, a text file will open in your word processing program.

You can change the default program that you want to open your files by right-clicking the file, click Open with, and then click the name of the program that you want to use. You should be consistent and descriptive in naming and organising files so that it is obvious where to find specific data and what the files contain. These are some basic guidelines for structuring folders and naming files: 1. Keep file and folder names short, but meaningful. Avoid unnecessary repetition and redundant words in file names and file paths.

Use capital letters or underscore to delimit words, not spaces. Creating a Folder To create a folder: 1. Navigate to where the folder is to be created, for example in another folder or on the desktop. Right-click a blank area on the desktop or in the folder window and click New.

Enter a folder name, and then press Return. The new folder will appear in the location you specified. Renaming a File or Folder 1. Right-click the file or folder that you want to rename. Enter the new name, and then press Return. You can use the search box to help you find a file or folder.

The search function tries to match the text you enter against text in the file name and contents, as well as in file properties. The search includes all folders and subfolders in the location where you are searching. The location searched is determined by what is displayed in the address bar.

To search for a file or folder by using the search box: 1. Type a word or part of a word in the search box. When the file that you want is displayed, stop typing and select the file. There are other ways to use the search box to quickly narrow down a search. For example, you can search for a file based on one or more if its properties, such as the date the file was last modified. You can also use special characters called wild cards - use a question mark?

To add Recent Items to the Start menu: 1. Click Taskbar and Start Menu. Click the Start Menu tab. Under Privacy, select the Store and display recently opened items in the Start menu and the taskbar check box. Click Customize. If you do not want to include one or more items from your selection, press and hold down the Ctrl key, and then click the items.

To sort files: 1. In a folder window, click View. Select Sort By. Click Name to sort files by name in ascending order. Click the View menu. Select Sort by. Click Descending to sort in descending order. You can sort files by the Date modified, Type and Size by following the same steps as above. Open the folder containing the file or folder that you want move or copy source.

Open the folder where you want to move or copy to in a different window destination. Arrange the two windows side by side on the desktop. To move, drag the file or folder from the first folder source to the second folder destination.

To copy, press Ctrl while dragging. When using the drag-and-drop method across two folders on the same hard disk, the item is moved; however, if the destination is a different location such as a USB drive, the item is copied. To use the copy and cut functions: 1. Right-click on the file or folder you wish to copy or cut.

Click Copy or click Cut. Click on the new location you wish to paste the new item to. Right-click a blank space and click Paste. Deleting and Restoring Files and Folders To delete files and folders: 1. Select the items to delete. Press Delete. When you delete a file or folder, it is not deleted right away.

Instead, it is stored in the Recycle Bin until the Recycle Bin is emptied. To restore a deleted file or folder: 1. Open the Recycle Bin by double-clicking the Recycle Bin on the desktop. Select the deleted item. Click Restore this item on the toolbar. Emptying the Recycle Bin To permanently remove files from your computer and reclaim any hard disk space they were using, you need to delete the files from the Recycle Bin. This is where the operating system, such as Windows 7, as well as your own files are stored.

When you install new applications, they are copied to your internal hard disk. External hard disk An external hard disk is one that you can plug into your computer, usually using a USB cable. They are available in a range of speeds and storage capacities and are a good way to back up files, including photos or movies.

Network drive In an office, it is normal that the computers are connected together on a network. This allows network users to store your data centrally, on a network drive or server.

This network drive should be backed up by IT support staff regularly. A DVD also transfers data to the computer far faster. A single- layer, single-sided DVD can typically store up to 4. It is used for recording and playing back high-definition video and for storing large amounts of data.

A standard, single-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 25 GB of data. In Windows Explorer, they appear just like any other drive. They are supplied in a range of sizes and are a cheap and portable storage device.

There are different types of memory cards — for example, Secure Digital SD cards or Memory Sticks - with different storage capacities. Many PCs, laptops, and devices have built-in slots for different types of memory cards. Online file storage Otherwise known as cloud storage, this hosts user files on the Internet. Users can upload files and can then access them over the Internet from a different computer, tablet, smart phone or other Internet-connected device. File and Folder Size, Storage Capacity Measurement You can view file and folder size by right-clicking on the item and clicking on Properties.

Click the hard disk or storage device you want to check. The total size and available free space appear in the Details pane at the bottom of the window. To see additional information about a storage device or disk, including how much free space it has available, right-click it, and then click Properties. Multiple files and folders can be compressed into one folder using compression software. Compressing Files and Folders To compress a file or folder: 1.

Find the file or folder that you want to compress. Right-click the file or folder, select Send to, and click Compressed zipped folder. A new compressed folder is created in the same location. To rename it, right-click the folder, click Rename, and enter the new name.

Extracting Compressed Files and Folders To extract compressed files or folders: 1. Find the compressed folder from which you want to extract files or folders. To extract a single file or folder, double-click the compressed folder to open it. Then, drag the file or folder you want from the compressed folder to a new location. To extract the entire contents of the compressed folder, right-click the folder, and click Extract All.

Click the Browse button to choose a specific location. Where do you store your files in the computer to keep them organised? Box b. Folder c. Desk 2. After right-clicking in the Explorer window, what option do you select when creating a folder? New b. View c. Organize 3. What key do you press on the keyboard when selecting several files that are listed next to each other?

Shift b. Ctrl c. Spacebar 4. Where do deleted files go? Dump b. Recycle bin c. Clipboard 5. Which button do you click to change the way your files are listed on the screen, e. Views b. Print c. Organize 6. Create a folder on the desktop and name it Testing. Create 3 subfolders with the following names: a.

Reports b. Photos c. Emails 8. Change the view of the Testing folder to display as large icons. Set the sort order of the Testing folder in descending order by name. One commonly shared resource is an Internet connection. Other shared resources may include a printer or a file server. The Internet is itself an example of an extremely large and extremely complex network.

Defining the Term Internet and Identifying Its Main Uses The Internet is a world-wide system of interconnected computer networks linking billions of devices. It consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, connected by a wide range of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies. However, the Internet provides many other services, including not only the inter-linked hypertext documents and applications of the Web, but also electronic mail, instant messaging, and telephony.

The Web uses hypertext, a method of instant cross-referencing, to link these documents and resources. On most Web sites, certain words or phrases appear in text of a different colour than the rest; often this text is also underlined. When you select one of these words or phrases, you will be transferred to the site or page that is relevant to this word or phrase. You can talk at no extra cost to other people using VoIP on their computers or Internet connected devices.

This system is ideal when you need to make a lot international calls. You can use a VoIP application on your computer together with a microphone and headset, or you can make use of a VoIP app on your smart phone. It requires both computers to be connected to the Internet. As well as sending text messages, files can be sent as email attachments.

This is different from sending an email, which may be read sometime later by the recipient. Defining the Term Intranet and Virtual Private Network An Intranet is a private, closed version of the Internet, which can only be accessed by authorised individuals in an organisation. Intranets are an increasingly common method of sharing information within a company or other organisation. An Intranet uses Internet technologies to carry out tasks including accessing company documents and scheduling meetings.

A VPN Virtual Private Network is a network that uses the Internet to connect offices or individual users to their organisation's network so that they can access data and communicate. The VPN gives the organisation the same capabilities as that of an expensive system of directly owned or leased lines, but at a much lower cost. Understanding Transfer Rate The speed at which data transfers from one device to another is known as the transfer rate.

It is often measured in megabits million bits, Mbps or megabytes million bytes, MBps per second. For example, a hard drive may have a maximum data transfer rate of Mbps, while your ISP may offer an Internet connection with a maximum data transfer rate of only 3 Mbps. In general, the greater the bandwidth of a given path, the higher the data transfer rate.

A common example of this is downloading a file from a web site. Another example of downloading would be copying a file from another computer on your Local Area Network to the hard disk on your computer. Uploading refers to copying data from your computer to another computer, either on your local area network or on the web. Your computer is connected to a modem, which connects to the phone line. Cable can often provide high-speed Internet access.

This is generally used when there is no Wi-Fi connection. This method of connection may be relatively expensive. Sometimes this service is provided free of charge. It may also be provided with a charge, or else you may need a username and password in order to use the service e.

Also, wireless networks are also now common in homes as well as workplaces. It is an alternative to wired technology and operates similar to Wi-Fi but can support larger geographical areas and more users. A satellite connection does not require cable or phone lines; it connects to the Internet through satellites orbiting the Earth.

This may require large satellite dishes and expensive specialised equipment.